Fast forward to more recent times where people use more sophisticated tools in the form of computer systems. Even these modern digital tools required people to manipulate them though physical inputs (mice and keyboards) and observe the feedback through an externally observable output (monitors). This paradigm of the directly physical Human-Machine interfaces began to change in the past few decades with the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities.

AI has introduced an era where computers are able to not only work through direct physical manipulation, but where the tools themselves are able to observe and make predictions about a user’s intent. For example, computer vision systems record peoples’ natural kinesthetic body movements and gestures, use AI to interpret those gestures into requested actions (input) and display the results on a screen (for example scrolling through a menu). These systems still rely on some physical input from users, although there is not the same direct physical connection. Digital assistants such as Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa or Google’s Home similarly require a physical input, although a very light touch in the form of a breath of air for a voice command.

On August 28, 2020 Elon Musk and the Neuralink team presented a live demonstration of Neuralink’s latest experimental technology – a device which can be implanted in a skull to both read signals as well as introduce electrical impulses into the outer cortex of a brain. In the presentation, Neuralink showed a video of a pig with a Neuralink implant walking on a treadmill. Predictive algorithms attempted to determine the test-subject pig’s position and motion with surprising accuracy. Although early in development, this technology offers a view into a possible future where the tools of our digital world no longer require physical manipulation for an input or an externally observable output. It is an interesting world to imagine in my mind’s eye – even as I type this observation out on my physical keyboard.